Identifier
F:geometry-euler-line
Proof route
cas-certificate
External status
proved
Axiom footprint
cas.exact-rational-polynomial-normal-form, geometry.cartesian-coordinatisation-of-the-euclidean-plane, geometry.characteristic-zero-specialisation, geometry.rabinowitsch-inverse-specialisation, geometry.nondegeneracy.abc-not-collinear

Recorded description

Let A, B, C be points of the Euclidean plane and let G = (A+B+C)/3. If O satisfies |OA| = |OB| and |OB| = |OC| (the circumcentre), H satisfies AH perpendicular to BC and BH perpendicular to CA (the orthocentre), and A, B, C are NOT collinear, then O, G and H are collinear. The non-degeneracy condition is essential and its failure is exhibited, not asserted: A = B = (0,0) and C = (1,0) makes |OA| = |OB| vacuous, so O is pinned only to the line x = 1/2, and makes both perpendicularity hypotheses collapse to hx = 0, so H is pinned only to the line x = 0. Taking O = (1/2,0) and H = (0,1) then satisfies every hypothesis while O, G = (1/3,0) and H form a genuine triangle. Sitting on the degeneracy locus is not by itself enough to break the theorem: the same configuration with H = (0,0) instead also violates the condition and yet leaves O, G, H collinear on the x-axis, and the checker rejects a certificate offering THAT configuration as its counterexample.

Formal statement
(assert (forall ((ax Real) (ay Real) (bx Real) (by Real) (cx Real) (cy Real) (ox Real) (oy Real) (hx Real) (hy Real))
  (=> (and (= (- (+ (* (- ax ox) (- ax ox)) (* (- ay oy) (- ay oy)))
                 (+ (* (- bx ox) (- bx ox)) (* (- by oy) (- by oy)))) 0.0)
           (= (- (+ (* (- bx ox) (- bx ox)) (* (- by oy) (- by oy)))
                 (+ (* (- cx ox) (- cx ox)) (* (- cy oy) (- cy oy)))) 0.0)
           (= (+ (* (- hx ax) (- cx bx)) (* (- hy ay) (- cy by))) 0.0)
           (= (+ (* (- hx bx) (- ax cx)) (* (- hy by) (- ay cy))) 0.0)
           (not (= (- (* (- bx ax) (- cy ay)) (* (- by ay) (- cx ax))) 0.0)))
      (= (- (* (- (/ (+ ax bx cx) 3.0) ox) (- hy oy))
            (* (- (/ (+ ay by cy) 3.0) oy) (- hx ox))) 0.0))))

Dependencies

The graph shows direct ledger edges. Follow a node to open its artifact page.

Direct dependencies appear to the left. The current fact is in the center. Facts that depend directly on it appear to the right. Current fact
0 direct dependencies 0 direct dependents

Evidence

geometry-certificate-euler-line

Kind
witness-replay
Status
checked

Supports: the saturated cofactor certificate, re-checked from the committed artifact by a checker that shares no code with the search that produced it -- and, on this theorem, no code with EITHER of the two searches that can produce it

Checker command
cargo test -p axeyum-cas --test geometry_certificate_artifacts
Evidence notes

The certificate uses the Rabinowitsch trick: a fresh variable Zinv0 and the generator `collinear(A,B,C) * Zinv0 - 1`. Specialising Zinv0 := 1/collinear(A,B,C) is legitimate exactly when A, B, C are not collinear, and that is the ONLY place the side condition enters. Because the multiplier this route divides out is the SQUARE of the condition polynomial, the saturation cofactor is not the familiar minus-the-conclusion of the other saturated certificates but exactly -conclusion*(1 + collinear(A,B,C)*Zinv0) -- the N = 2 case of 1 = z^N d^N - g * sum_{i=1..N} C(N,i) g^{i-1}, asserted term for term by `the_squared_multiplier_produces_the_expected_rabinowitsch_cofactor`. Four tamper controls in the cited suite bear on this fact and every one runs against EVERY saturated certificate: deleting the degenerate counterexample is rejected; replacing it with a generic configuration is rejected; replacing it with A = B = (0,0), C = (1,0), O = (1/2,0), H = (0,0) -- which genuinely violates `abc-not-collinear` and yet leaves O, G, H collinear -- is also rejected; and an unused saturation is rejected.

geometry-condition-minimality-euler-line

Kind
witness-replay
Status
checked

Supports: that the single non-degeneracy condition this certificate consumes is minimal ABSOLUTELY rather than budget-relative (ADR-0455)

Checker command
cargo test -p axeyum-cas --test geometry_certificate_artifacts
Evidence notes

The distinction ADR-0455 draws matters here more than on the six older facts, because the route that reached this theorem CANNOT establish minimality the way `geometry_order_audit` does for those: the multiplier a linear elimination divides out is an artifact of the decomposition it chose, so the route could in principle consume a condition the theorem does not need. It does not, and the proof is the counterexample rather than a search. The only proper subset of a one-element condition set is the empty one, and A = B = (0,0), C = (1,0), O = (1/2,0), H = (0,1) satisfies all four hypotheses while falsifying the conclusion -- so the conclusion is not in the plain hypothesis ideal, decided, with no budget, no monomial order and no algorithm anywhere in the argument. No larger budget, faster order or better algorithm can report this theorem as unconditional.

geometry-coordinatisation-control-euler-line

Kind
witness-replay
Status
checked

Supports: that the polynomials in the certificate mean the geometric predicates they are named after -- specifically that the equidistance polynomials really do locate a circumcentre and the perpendicularity polynomials an orthocentre

Checker command
cargo test -p axeyum-cas --lib geometry && cargo test -p axeyum-cas --test geometry_encoding_agreement
Evidence notes

This control was written while the theorem was on the FRONTIER -- to keep it unproved rather than unchecked -- and is kept now that it is proved because it checks something the certificate cannot. The certificate establishes a polynomial identity; nothing inside a polynomial identity can tell you that `equidistant` means equidistant. It also is the diagnosis the linear route acts on, in miniature: the exact construction it performs IS Cramer's rule on the two 2x2 systems, and its determinant is a multiple of the very collinearity polynomial named as the non-degeneracy condition.

Provenance

{
  "date": "2026-08-15",
  "established_by": "lane euler-linearity: axeyum_cas::linear_elim (untrusted adjugate-based elimination producing cofactors in the ORIGINAL generators) + axeyum_cas::geometry_certify::certify_by_linear_elimination (multiplier division through the Rabinowitsch generator, minimal condition subset) + axeyum_cas::geometry_check (independent re-derivation)",
  "source": "classical; coordinatised by the `geometry` lane, measured as divergent rather than slow by the `geometry-frontier` lane, and reached by the `euler-linearity` lane after that lane's structural observation -- that all four hypotheses are affine in the four unknown coordinates -- was turned into an algorithm",
  "prior_art": [
    {
      "who": "Leonhard Euler",
      "what": "the circumcentre, centroid and orthocentre of a triangle are collinear, with OG : GH = 1 : 2",
      "where": "Solutio facilis problematum quorundam geometricorum difficillimorum, Novi Commentarii academiae scientiarum Petropolitanae 11 (1767), 103-123",
      "attribution": "standard historical attribution; this lane did not consult the primary source"
    }
  ]
}